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Why Juveniles And Juveniles Commit Crimes - 1982 Words

Criminologists have been gathering information for years on various factors as to why adults and juveniles commit crimes, what types of people are committing these crimes, and keeping record of the individuals who become incarcerated. One of the more common types of criminals are occasional criminals These types of criminals do not view themselves as long term or associate with a criminal title. Professional criminals are those who make their living from the crimes they commit and are more likely to resort to violence, no remorse for others and no concern for others’ safety. They are only focused on themselves and what they can obtain to get ahead, and not worried with whom it affects, as long as they get theirs. These professional†¦show more content†¦They grow up witnessing drug deals, illegal transactions, and violent crimes. It is in the culture they grow up with, so they will more than likely adapt to their culture, or they will risk being cast out. If they becom e casted out, they no longer have the security of their environment. These neighborhoods often provide protection, financial aid, and housing. They may end up reverting to crime as a way to survive anyway. Those who have diagnosed mental illnesses, should not be held as responsible. They definitely should be punished for a crime they committed, but not as severe. One of the biggest emotions for criminals would be anger. If they have been wronged by someone, disrespected by someone or by a different gang member, the loss of a job, divorce, or their family, and if their finances have been personally affected, they can become upset. If someone can significantly alter the life of another by the use of these methods, it can cause the person who was the victim to become violent and more likely to take on criminal acts and land themselves within America’s prison system. Some factors that contribute to the higher rates in prison populations are the higher, yet every increasing recidivism rates. Several other factors are when previous offenders return to prison for violating, or unsuccessfully completing community supervision, new criminal offenses added to penal code, the war on drugs, and harsher penalties for certain types ofShow MoreRelatedCrime And Juvenile And Adult Crimes1019 Words   |  5 PagesStates, there is a lot of dispute between what the qualifications are for juvenile and adult crimes. Some believe that the only difference is age. Others say it is the severity of the crime. It’s obvious that when adults commit crimes, whether they are a misdemeanor offense or a felony, they pay for it. The confliction comes when a juvenile commits a crime. What exactly determines if they are tried as an adult or a juvenile? Does it vary by state-to-state? Are there federal laws that govern that debateRead MoreJuveniles Treated Like Adults Essa ys1330 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday a vast number of brutal crimes occur somewhere in America. Teens as young as thirteen commit murder, rape, and burglary to an extent. What can be done about it? The best answer I can think of is to treat juveniles like adults. They have just as much responsibility and knowledge of their actions just as adults do, so they deserve the same punishment if they commit the same crime. Believe it or not, teens commit the same level of crimes that adults commit. Crimes will get even worse in the futureRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Crimes1437 Words   |  6 Pagestoday is juvenile crime. Today the juvenile involvement in crime occurs for many different reasons in many different places. Ages still in the single digits all the way through 17 are committing illegal juvenile acts each and every day. Some of these crimes are done on purpose and with an intent and some of the crimes are done on total accident. Juveniles all over America in all differe nt places are committing crime today and as you read this there are juveniles somewhere out committing crimes. â€Å"TheRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Social Control Theory940 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile delinquency is very prevalent especially among adolescents because studies have shown that during the time of adolescence that is when delinquency tends to increase and once adolescence has passed at about 17 years of age then it tends to decrease (Adolescent Delinquency, 2002). There are many factors that can contribute to the increase of delinquency during adolescence, some of the factors can be personality, mental disorders, genetics, economic status, environment, family, and cultureRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?1017 Words   |  4 Pagesup earlier as the years go by. Serious crimes committed by juveniles have stayed pretty much the same in the last twenty years, but that is not to say people have not concluded differently. A thanks to laws passed in th e ninety’s and more specifically between ninety two and ninety seven, It is easier to try juveniles as adults in the court system. There are multiple pros and cons to juveniles being tried as adult. These arguments range from a crime is a crime to they are not mentally developed enoughRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Juveniles1016 Words   |  5 PagesIn our society today, millions of crimes are happening all around the world, with people dying, getting injured, and getting put in jail. Society is very cruel in some people’s eye, because of what happening in the world many people believed that many juveniles are being sentenced and tried unfairly in the court. Many believed that children as young as twelve should be treated differently than an adult who commit the same crime, but that’s not what’s happening today. Young children are not the sameRead More Juevenile Delinquency Essay904 Words   |  4 Pages The Criminology of the Juvenile Mind Criminology is defined as the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior. Due to the non-ending threat of crime, violence and even terror threats, criminology has gained in popularity as an academic field of study. Criminology is the scientific approach to studying criminal behavior. {Larry Siegel, Criminology Theories, patterns amp; Typologies, 2004.} In studying criminal behavior scientist have categorized the periodRead MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, according to Agnew and Brezina, is the violation of the law by a minor which is any persons under the age of 18 in most states. There are many contributing factors to juvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at school, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in delinquent behavior. This particular discussion however, is going toRead More Juvenile Crime Essay528 Words   |  3 Pageswith is juvenile crime. The reason experts feel juvenile’s commit crimes is because of risk factors when they were younger but experts still have not found the main reason why juvenile’s commit crimes. Some risk factors associated with juvenile crime are poverty, repeated exposure to violence, drugs, easy access to firearms, unstable family life and family violence, delinquent peer groups, and media violence. Especially the demise of family life, the effect of the media on the juveniles today, andRead MoreIs Incarcerating Youth As Justice? Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Question: Which are the main reasons why teenagers become â€Å"Juvenile Offenders† and how does Incarcerating them can help? Entry #1: Maynard, Robyn. Incarcerating youth as justice? An in-depth examination of youth, incarceration, and restorative justice. Canadian Dimension Sept.-Oct. 2011: 25+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. Summary Evaluation: In the article â€Å"Incarcerating Youth As Justice? An In-depth Examination Of Youth, Incarceration, And Restorative Justice

The Aboriginals People And Cultural Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Aboriginals People And Cultural. Answer: Introduction Unlike most countries whose history is clearly written down, most Australians have a sketchy understanding of their indigenous traditions of their countys first people. The Aboriginals people occupied Australia before the Europeans arrived. The British were the first people to arrive in Australia as they were searching for new colonies after losing America during the American Revolution. The first British fleet of ships docked into Botany Bay on the 18th January 1788 but later shifted to Sydney Harbour on 26th January. It is believed that the main reason why the British sought out Australia was to decongest their homeland prisons and to settle some of her pardoned citizens. As with other colonies, Britain started by invading the Aboriginals in evicting them from their lands, infecting them with diseases that their immunity could not fight leading to deaths and force some of them into slavery. Invasion After arriving in Sydney, Australia in 1788, the British did the same thing they did with the American Indians. They forced the Aborigines from the fertile lands. In the process, many indigenous people were killed as they tried to resist and to protect their lands. Many tribes of the Aborigines died out completely because of starvation. The food that they used to get freely from their land was no longer available. The freedom to roam freely in their land was curtailed ( Oxley Stewart, 2017). Those who survived were forced into slavery, women, and children subjected to harsh working conditions doing everything as some women were imprisoned and used as sex slaves. The Aborigines were subjected to poverty and very hard-working conditions (Gammage, 2011). Cultural Aspects The Aborigines had their own cultural believes long before the British colonized them. The arrival of the British posed a great threat to their culture. The British had a different perception of knowledge, which was different from that of the British. The British believed that their culture was more superior to that of the original occupants of Australia. They also had divergent views on how they viewed knowledge. (Behrendt, 2012) They completely wiped out the original education system of the aborigines and replaced it with their system of education. They that a person possessing their education was skilled and hence suitable to be employed in their farms. The Europeans marginalized the aborigines to the extent that up to date history tends to ignore their contribution and impact to the Australian culture and customs. Over 90% of the aborigines died because of starvation, diseases and death sentences ( Oxley Stewart, 2017). Health and Diseases Upon arrival, the British introduced deadly diseases that were not in Australia originally. The wave of epidemic diseases like smallpox, influenza, and measles spread out rapidly and annihilated many Indigenous communities, of which half of them were killed by smallpox (together, 2012). Women and girls who were imprisoned as sex slaves also contracted deadly sexual transmitted diseases which killed many of them and some infecting their spouses. According to Edward Wilson and Argus 17th March 1856, they wrote we have infected them with diseases which have rotted the bones of their adults and made such few children as are born amongst them a sorrow and a torture from the very instant of their birth. Most of the indigenous occupants of Australia died and most communities became extinct from the face of the earth. As most adults died of diseases, children died of malnutrition and hunger, as they had no one to take care of them (Hill, 2006). Conflicts The expansion of British settlements leads to opening of new colonies in Tasmania resulted to constant conflicts between the local aborigines and the colonial masters. The outcome of these conflicts was mass killings and massive destruction of property belonging to the aborigines. Competition for land and other natural resources that were available at that time accelerated the conflicts between the British and aborigines. The main reason for the competition was to create more land for the settlers who were moving out of Britain to Australia. Historical documents show that massacres of Indigenous people often took the form of mass shootings or driving groups of people off cliffs. This was in a bid to reduce the numbers of the aborigines so that Britain could exploit Australia without any interference (AIATSIS, 2009). Conclusion Australia was a key asset to Britain has she needed a place that would accommodate her citizens that were initially living in the USA after the American Revolution. In addition, in a bid to settle her prisoners, Australia proved to be a good alternative. The Aborigines problems began the moment the first ship docked in Sydney. Foreign diseases, constant conflicts, mass killings, and foreign culture quickly came in killing many of them. References Oxley, D., Stewart, H. M. (2017). Digital panopticon. Retrieved from https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/Convicts_and_the_Colonisation_of_Australia,_1788-1868 AIATSIS. (2009). Retrieved from Aboriginal studies Press: https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/first-encounters-and-frontier-conflict Behrendt, P. (2012). Indigenous Australia for Dummies. Wiley Publishing Australia Pty ltd. Gammage, B. (2011). The Biggest Estate on Earth. Hill, E. F. (2006). Imperialism in Australia. Retrieved from Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line: https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/australia/hill-ssi/chapter4.htm together, A. (2012). Australians together. Retrieved from Colonisation: https://www.australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/colonisation/

People Of Gilded Age Essays - Rockefeller Family, Philip Sheridan

People Of Gilded Age After the Civil War had ended, several soldiers had returned home to find their places of living destroyed. Most of these people returned to practically nothing. The United States had to rebuild itself, and this rebuilding was called Reconstruction. Today historians refer to this era of reconstruction as the part of the Gilded Age. Many people had to pickup and start all over again, while others continued their quests of expanding. Expanding by taking control over the land or by expanding their beliefs, either way lives of these people reflected the social tensions of the Gilded Age. Philip H. Sheridan, who was one of the heroes of the Civil War, was a soldier who had started his career on the frontier and would return there after the war to help the United States in expanding its territory by having to combat many Native Americans in doing so. Sheridan was an extremely important person who helped conquer the frontier. Sheridan believed in the freeing of black slaves, and decided that he would help protect the blacks now that they were free. He expresses his opinion about what is done to black people in Texas by commenting that the ?black codes are a policy of gross injustice toward the colored people on the part of the courts, and a reign of lawlessness and disorder ensued.?(10) Sheridan's defense of the black cause much tension in his life, in Texas, that he was later reassigned to command the Department of the Missouri. (11) In 1869 when Grant had became President; he appointed Sheridan lieutenant governor and command of the Division of Missouri. Sheridan's pa st on tactics for attacking the Indians made him the best man for the job in defending the western frontier. Much of Sheridan's life involved being enrolled in the army and defending the frontier. He is also known for the quote ? The only good Indian is a dead Indian?, which he became synonymous with. (13) Sheridan's life practically evolved around the Indian warfare and the tensions that surrounded it. His ethics and tactics of Indian warfare were often questioned, leaving him to defend himself against his critics quite often. Another lifestyle that had taken on the challenges of living a successful life was that of being a doctor. Susan LaFleshe Picotte was one of these doctors; but for Susan to be a successful doctor, she had to overcome many more obstacles than other people did. As you see, becoming a doctor is one difficult task at hand, but being a woman who was Indian was another. Susan was a Siouan-speaking Omaha, who had migrated to Nebraska because of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. (24) Susan's life was different than the rest of the people in her tribe; she was one of the firsts not to have any piercing or any tattoos as Indians did back then. One other unique characteristic of Susan was that she wanted to continue her education to eventually become a physician. So on October 12, 1850 Susan was accepted to the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. (26) She finished her schooling and soon became the physician of her old reservation. Susan did anything she could to help her patients, including going house to house from sunrise to sunset providing care for her patients. Susan was up to her knees in patients and was taking care of all of the 1,244 tribal members on the reservation. (28) She was an extremely hard working woman of this age. Susan had to deal with other problems other than medicinal purposes. She had to deal with the fact that her tribe was constrained to its reservation. Susan also had to overcome the tensions at home and on the reservation with liquor, for she believed that it was one of the leading causes of death even before her husband succumbed to the effects. (32) Susan became politically involved and helped her tribe as much as possible, it must had been very difficult for someone of her stature to be looked at differently for her race and not for who she was. Sarah Christie Stevens was another woman who had to overcome adversity and survive in a man's world. Sarah was

War Poetry Essay Paper Example For Students

War Poetry Essay Paper The use of metaphors in D. E. D was used to relate to the reader and manipulate their feeling and thoughts on what the war must have been like. Drunk with fatigue, drunk a word meaning intoxicated and slow really relates to the reader as it is not alcohol they are drunk because of, but it is because of the lack of sleep, the constant pace and rapidity of the war which is proving all to much to bare on the soldiers. It also shows they are lacking them certain capabilities of vigorous men called to war. The paragraphs in D. E.D provide a good structure to the poem, but also the different perspectives the paragraphs are written from provides good dramatic effect. The first stanza is written in second person, and it is used to set the scene of the poem. The second stanza is written for a first person point of view, and is used because Owen in this stanza is describing what is happening to another soldier and is putting across a very personal account of what he saw and heard. Stanza 3 is also written in first person, and in this stanza Owen talks of a soldiers struggle. We will write a custom essay on War Poetry Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This stanza was written in this form because Owen is talking in this stanza about a soldier and in this very shirt stanza I think he really gets his point across about how terrible the war was. Stanza four is written in second person and from this stanza we gather, that the idea of war is not a good thing and in this stanza Owen talks to his audience and manipulates their feeling by almost making them feel lucky and grateful that they are reading the poem and not writing it. The sentence that gives u this impression is if you could hear. In Henry v speech Shakespeare uses a lot of imperatives in the kings speech to show his superiority and emphasise how he is top of the hierarchy. Shakespeare also uses rhetorical devices in the kings speech, he does this because the king is trying to get the men ready and fearless of war, and by using rhetorical questions he almost makes them feel as if war is a good thing. Shakespeare uses a variety of phrases and words throughout the poem to help engage the audience. One of which is the repetition of honour which is used to emphasise the honour which would be bestowed upon them. It is also used to show encouragement to the soldiers, because the soldiers are worried about fewer numbers and Henry v uses this to show the soldiers that the fewer numbers they fight in if they was to win war the greater the honour that would be shared amongst them. Also by invoking Gods name it creates a powerful and emotional effect in which he uses to his advantage.

About Plato and His Philosophical Ideas

About Plato and His Philosophical Ideas Plato was one of the most famous, respected, and influential philosophers of all time. A type of love (Platonic) is named for him. We know the Greek philosopher Socrates mostly through Platos dialogues. Atlantis enthusiasts know Plato for his parable about it in Timaeus and other descriptions from Critias. He saw tripartite structures in the world around him. His social structure theory had a governing class, warriors, and workers. He thought the human soul contained reason, spirit, and appetite. He may have founded an institution of learning known as the Academy, from which we get the word academic. Name: Aristocles [dont confuse the name with Aristotle], but known as PlatoPlace of Birth: AthensDates 428/427 to 347 B.C.Occupation: Philosopher The Name Plato Plato was originally named Aristocles, but one of his teachers gave him the familiar name, either because of the breadth of his shoulders or his speech. Birth of Plato Plato was born around May 21 in 428 or 427 B.C., a year or two after Pericles died and during the Peloponnesian War. He was related to Solon and could trace his ancestry to the last legendary king of Athens, Codrus. Plato and Socrates Plato was a student and follower of Socrates until 399, when the condemned Socrates died after drinking the prescribed cup of hemlock. It is through Plato that we are most familiar with Socrates philosophy because he wrote dialogues in which his teacher took part, usually asking leading questions the Socratic method. Platos Apology is his version of the trial and the Phaedo, the death of Socrates. The Legacy of the Academy When Plato died, in 347 B.C., after Philip II of Macedonia had begun his conquest of Greece, leadership of the Academy passed not to Aristotle, who had been a student and then teacher there for 20 years, and who expected to follow, but to Platos nephew Speusippus. The Academy continued for several more centuries. Eroticism Platos Symposium contains ideas on love held by various philosophers and other Athenians. It entertains many points of view, including the idea that people were originally doubled some with the same gender and others with the opposite, and that, once cut, they spend their lives looking for their other part. This idea explains sexual preferences. Atlantis The mythical place known as Atlantis appears as part of a parable in a fragment of Platos late dialogue Timaeus and also in Critias. Tradition of Plato In the Middle Ages, Plato was known mostly through Latin translations of Arabic translations and commentaries. In the Renaissance, when Greek became more familiar, far more scholars studied Plato. Since then, he has had an impact on math and science, morals, and political theory. The Philosopher King Instead of following a political path, Plato thought it more important to educate would-be statesmen. For this reason, he set up a school for future leaders. His school was called the Academy, named for the park in which it was located. Platos Republic contains a treatise on education. Plato is considered by many to be the most important philosopher who ever lived. He is known as the father of idealism in philosophy. His ideas were elitist, with the philosopher king the ideal ruler. Plato is perhaps best known to college students for his parable of a cave, which appears in Platos Republic.

MARKETING RESEARCH PROJECT in HRM topic COMPANSATION AND BENEFITS Assignment

MARKETING RESEARCH PROJECT in HRM topic COMPANSATION AND BENEFITS COWAY COMPANY SINGAPORE - Assignment Example It is the plan that defines how, when and where from the information is to be collected and how it should be analyzed. Research design is different from the concept of Research data collection (nyu.edu, n.d.). Research Design mainly discusses which sources have been used in conducting the study. Various Research designs are- 1. Historical Research Design  - It uses primary and secondary sources. Lots of qualitative data sources are required in this case. 2. Case and Field Research Design  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It is useful when limited information is available for a study. Observation is a great tool for such studies. 3. Descriptive or Survey Research Design  - It attempts to explain and describe the circumstances by applying many questionnaires and subjects to fully portray a phenomenon (dissertation-statistics.com, n.d.). 4. Causal Comparative Research Design  - This research design attempts to investigate the cause and effect relationship where causes already exist and cannot be contro lled. 5. Experimental Research Design  - This design is most suitable in controlled settings such as laboratories. Here causes can be manipulated to arrive at desired effect. For our research we have decided to employ the survey research design. It is considered that a questionnaire will be extremely useful in drawing information from a large number of people as well as from limited number of participants. Also the data obtained will be highly reliable. 3.2 The Overall Research It can be said that for the purpose of successful completion of the research based assignment, conduction of significant research is very important. The reason behind the significance can be associated with the fact that the market research provides some of the highly relevant data, which can be processed and analyzed using various tools and techniques, so that it empowers the researcher to find out the required information that is available in the form of hidden and highly complicated data (Kolb, 2008, p. 12) While discussing on the same note, it can also be brought into attention that the conduction of the market research exercise helps to bring into focus the insights, views and opinions that are provided by a wide range of sources, which essentially comprises of collaborators, customers, employees, as well as associated and related stakeholders (McDaniel and Gates, 1995, p. 5). It can be said that while proceeding with the concept of market research, a proper format is expected to be followed by the researcher. The most important part of the market research exercise is to maintain relevance with the main research question. The reason behind it is the fact that it will help in the process of framing the entire structure and nature of the market research exercise and will also increase the effectiveness of its results in a great way. 3.3 How to conduct the literature research The literature review deals with three main issues which are- 1. Study of compensation and benefits- This st udy can be best carried out with the help of sources like books, internet, business journals, newspapers and research papers. This issue will develop our understanding about the compensation framework of a company. 2. Significance of compensation and benefits in the overall performance management of a company- The researcher can learn the significance of com

Health Informatics---bar coded medications Research Paper

Health Informatics---bar coded medications - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to establish whether bar code technology achieves its intended purpose, which is to increase patient safety by reduction of medication errors. The most effective way of analyzing this is by studying real-life examples of institutions that have implemented the technology and measured their quality, workflow or inter-professional after implementation. This is what the paper will focus on in subsequent sections. Barcode medication is increasingly becoming common among several hospitals in the country. It is critical to examine its impact on nursing workflows. Nurses need to spend their time on patients’ direct care. Therefore, if medication administration is eating up most of their time, then it will be difficult for them to provide quality services. This paper will examine whether or not bar code medication has an effect on nursing workflow as well as quality of care in institutions. Perhaps the most critical issue in the analysis of this technology in medical administration is its impact on patient safety. Errors in the medical profession could lead to further complications in treatment; they may prevent patients from recovering as quickly as they might have if the right procedures were followed. Additionally, they may cause new conditions or diseases which harm patients. In essence, they may do the exact opposite of what hospitals intend to do to patients when they visit them. Errors increase healthcare costs to patients, insurance providers as well as institutions. The latter may lose their clientele owing to a tainted image or costly malpractice litigations. Most importantly, errors in administration of drugs could be lethal and may lead to the loss of life. This paper will contribute towards the minimization of medical errors in drug administration by looking at the effectiveness of one solution. Bar code technology

Addictive behaviors and personality disorders Research Paper

Addictive behaviors and personality disorders - Research Paper Example Similarly, the person’s environment on his or her childhood largely affects the formation of his or her personality. What the child sees in the environment and how this environment treats him or her determine the child’s personality. Childhood experience is considered as the foundation of one’s personality. The gravity of the effect of childhood experience on the child’s personality is not immediately perceptible. It is generally in the adulthood that the totality of the person’s personality manifests. Positive childhood experiences may give a person good behaviour and attitude. On the other hand, negative childhood experiences may create a personality disorder on the person. Between the two, the latter receives more attention from the public because it does not conform to the norm of the society. It is of utmost concern to the experts how a bad childhood experience creates a personality disorder. A very common example of this is the tendency of a person to exhibit an addictive personality and is often associated with childhood experience. Many studies have shown that indeed childhood experiences may create addictive personality. Addiction is defined as the dependency of a person on object, such as drugs and alcohol, or on action like gambling and having sex (Juzwiak 4). Moreover, a person who is prone to be easily addicted is said to have an addictive personality. Understanding addictive personality is a complex task that requires a much deeper analysis on the person’s social behaviour and intellectual well-being. It is believed that one way to understand addictive personality is to study its cause. That is to study the history of the person with addictive personality. Many experts believe that an addictive personality is largely caused by the person’s childhood experience. For instance, the results of the recent study performed by the University of Cambridge shows that people with drug dependence have more troubled childhoods

The Functions Of A Hospitality Manager

The Functions Of A Hospitality Manager The hospitality industry consists of broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line, and additional fields within the tourism industry. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources. The hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The hospitality industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, gaming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Hospitality is the relationship between guest and host, or the act or practice of being hospitable. Specifically, this includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers, resorts, membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists. A managers primary challenge is to solve problems creatively. While drawing from a variety of academic disciplines, and to help managers respond to the challenge of creative problem solving, principles of management have long been categorized into the four major functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (the P-O-L-C framework). The four functions, summarized in the P-O-L-C figure, are actually highly integrated when carried out in the day-to-day realities of running an organization. Therefore, you should not get caught up in trying to analyze and understand a complete, clear rationale for categorizing skills and practices that compose the whole of the P-O-L-C framework. It is important to note that this framework is not without criticism. Specifically, these criticisms stem from the observation that the P-O-L-C functions might be ideal but that they do not accurately depict the day-to-day actions of actual managers. The typical day in the life of a manager at any level can be fragmented and hectic; with the constant threat of having priorities dictated by the law of the trivial many and important few. However, the general conclusion seems to be that the P-O-L-C functions of management still provide a very useful way of classifying the activities managers engage in as they attempt to achieve organizational goals. ? Hospitality organization Front desk manager (General Manager ? Front desk manager ? Front desk staff) Function: ? Create and produce reports as required. ? Coordinate schedules, payroll and expenses to meet or fall below budget. ? Participates in property initiatives. ? Ensure that guest data and management reporting is processed efficiently and accurately while maintaining proper security standards. ? Ensure that all accounting transaction and cash handling procedures are in compliance. ? Relive front office departments for breaks/lunches. ? Conduct regular monthly meetings with members of the Front Office and Communication Team to address current initiatives, projects and long term goals. ? Pro actively identify potential guest issues. ? Assist housekeeping in day-to-day activities. ? Recruit, hire, train and retain associates for all supervised departments. ? Develop monthly training items to foster development and cross training with other departments. ? Perform associate evaluations, provide coaching and development. ? Monitor guest satisfaction processes, and respond to guest concerns, and inquiries. Housekeeping manager (General Manager ? housekeeping manager? housekeeping staff) Function: ? Manage the day-to-day activities of the housekeeping department. ? Plan, schedule, and organize work to ensure proper coverage. ? Communicate and enforce policies and procedures. ? Ensure all staff are properly trained and have the tools and equipment needed to effectively carry out their respective job duties. ? Develop and implement procedures for managing quality of housekeeping and laundry services. ? Control expenses within all areas of housekeeping. ? Participate in the preparation of the annual departmental operating budget and financial plans which support the overall objectives of the hotel. ? Conduct pre-shift meeting and review all information pertinent to the days activities. ? Establish par levels for supplies and equipment. ? Replenish shortages and other business supplies for daily business. ? Promote teamwork and quality service through daily communication and coordination with other departments. ? Assist with deep cleaning projects and assist housekeeping staff during unanticipated rush periods. Food and Beverage manager (General Manager ? FNB manager ? FNB staff) Function: ? Check that sufficient table linen, food and sundry items have been requisitioned for service periods and that buffer stocks are maintained. ? Allocate jobs and stations, monitoring the completion of tasks before, during and following service periods. ? Ensure the restaurant is cleaned and fully prepared ready for service checking table layouts, sideboards, buffets, special displays etc. ? Check buffet food levels are maintained during service, according to customer demand. ? Greet, seat, take orders, assist guests with food and wine selection. Check customer satisfaction during service. ? Liaise with the kitchen, for menu content, special customer requests, queries and complaints/compliments. ? Promote the menu and special offers. ? Ensure all post-service tasks are completed (e.g. unused foods/dishes/drinks are returned to kitchen, bar or cellar). ? Assist with planning and organizing of special functions/seasonal events/projects. ? Complete required administrative functions (e.g. customer bills, reports, time sheets) and assist with annual budget preparation. ? Ensure effective security of keys and property company, guest and personal. ? Deal with lost property. ? Challenge and report any person acting suspiciously. ? Display and encourage a high level of personal hygiene, customer care courtesy and social skill. ? Assist guests and promote the hotels other facilities and services. ? Function of the hospitality manager Then term management refers to the process of ensuring employees work together efficiently and effectively to achieve the goals set by the organization in which they work. Managing physical and human resources to achieve an organizations customer service goals requires managers to be able to effectively plan, organize, lead and control. Four function of the hospitality manager: (POIC) Planning Organizing Leading Controlling Planning Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives. Planning requires that managers be aware of environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions. It also requires that managers be good decision makers. Planning is a process consisting of several steps. The process begins with environmental scanning which simply means that planners must be aware of the critical contingencies facing their organization in terms of economic conditions, their competitors, and their customers. Planners must then attempt to forecast future conditions. These forecasts form the basis for planning. Planners must establish objectives, which are statements of what needs to be achieved and when. Planners must then identify alternative courses of action for achieving objectives. After evaluating the various alternatives, planners must make decisions about the best courses of action for achieving objectives. They must then formulate necessary steps and ensure effective implementation of plans. Finally, planners must constantly evaluate the success of their plans and take corrective action when necessary. For example: To guide their employees To achieve their goals Short-term plan Organizing Organizing is the function of management that involves developing an organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. The structure of the organization is the framework within which effort is coordinated. The structure is usually represented by an organization chart, which provides a graphic representation of the chain of command within an organization. Decisions made about the structure of an organization are generally referred to as organizational design decisions. Organizing also involves the design of individual jobs within the organization. Decisions must be made about the duties and responsibilities of individual jobs, as well as the manner in which the duties should be carried out. Decisions made about the nature of jobs within the organization are generally called job design decisions. Organizing at the level of the organization involves deciding how best to departmentalize, or cluster, jobs into departments to coordinate effort effectively. There are many different ways to departmentalize, including organizing by function, product, geography, or customer. Many larger organizations use multiple methods of departmentalization. Organizing at the level of a particular job involves how best to design individual jobs to most effectively use human resources. Traditionally, job design was based on principles of division of labor and specialization, which assumed that the more narrow the job content, the more proficient the individual performing the job could become. However, experience has shown that it is possible for jobs to become too narrow and specialized. For example, how would you like to screw lids on jars one day after another, as you might have done many decades ago if you worked in company that made and sold jellies and jams? When this happens, negative outcomes result, including decreased job satisfaction and organizational commitment, increased absenteeism, and turnover. For example: Need to be allocated to individuals on the service team. This is known as task analysis. Ensure that every task is performed effectively and efficiently. Develop an organization chart and allocating duties. Make sure that enough trained staff on duty. Inadequate staffing is a frequent cause of customer dissatisfaction. Leading Leading involves the social and informal sources of influence that you use to inspire action taken by others. If managers are effective leaders, their subordinates will be enthusiastic about exerting effort to attain organizational objectives. The behavioral sciences have made many contributions to understanding this function of management. Personality research and studies of job attitudes provide important information as to how managers can most effectively lead subordinates. For example, this research tells us that to become effective at leading, managers must first understand their subordinates personalities, values, attitudes, and emotions. Studies of motivation and motivation theory provide important information about the ways in which workers can be energized to put forth productive effort. Studies of communication provide direction as to how managers can effectively and persuasively communicate. Studies of leadership and leadership style provide information regarding questions, such as, What makes a manager a good leader? and In what situations are certain leadership styles most appropriate and effective? For example: Giving instructions or telling and showing people what to do. Controlling Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from standards. Controlling consists of three steps, which include establishing performance standards, comparing actual performance against standards, and taking corrective action when necessary. Performance standards are often stated in monetary terms such as revenue, costs, or profits but may also be stated in other terms, such as units produced, number of defective products, or levels of quality or customer service. The measurement of performance can be done in several ways, depending on the performance standards, including financial statements, sales reports, production results, customer satisfaction, and formal performance appraisals. Managers at all levels engage in the managerial function of controlling to some degree. The managerial function of controlling should not be confused with control in the behavioral or manipulative sense. This function does not imply that managers should attempt to control or to manipulate the personalities, values, attitudes, or emotions of their subordinates. Instead, this function of management concerns the managers role in taking necessary actions to ensure that the work-related activities of subordinates are consistent with and contributing toward the accomplishment of organizational and departmental objectives. Effective controlling requires the existence of plans, since planning provides the necessary performance standards or objectives. Controlling also requires a clear understanding of where responsibility for deviations from standards lies. Two traditional control techniques are budget and performance audits. An audit involves an examination and verification of records and supporting documents. A budget audit provides information about where the organization is with respect to what was planned or budgeted for, whereas a performance audit might try to determine whether the figures reported are a reflection of actual performance. Although controlling is often thought of in terms of financial criteria, managers must also control production and operations processes, procedures for delivery of services, compliance with company policies, and many other activities within the organization. The management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are widely considered to be the best means of describing the managers job, as well as the best way to classify accumulated knowledge about the study of management. Although there have been tremendous changes in the environment faced by managers and the tools used by managers to perform their roles, managers still perform these essential functions. For example: Check that everything for they are responsible is on track. Carefully balance these functions, the controlling process. Eventually reveal that things are going wrong. ? Conclusion In my opinion, any function of manager must included four main functions, planning, organizing, leading, controlling. Even different type of manager has their own function; their main function is same with others, such as: front desk manager control his/her staff working process and eventually reveal that things are going wrong, this is same with housekeeping manager control his/her housekeeper working process if they do anything wrong, housekeeping manager must correct it. Q2. List down any dining restaurant and explain what were the operations strategy and the new challenges for future growth. Introduction The term Fine Dining brings to mind all kinds of images, from crisp white table cloths to waiters in tuxedos. Fine dining, just as the name suggests, offers patrons the finest in food, service and atmosphere. It is also the highest priced restaurant you can operate. While you may bring in mucho bucks with a fine dining restaurant you will also pay out more money than if you were running a more casual restaurant, such as a diner or caf. There are three main areas of focus with a fine dining restaurant: the menu, service and atmosphere. ? Fine Dining Restaurant Business Plan Gabris Restaurant Lounge Operations strategy: Competitive Edge: Our competitive edge is the menu, the chef, the environment, the management, the service and our friendly place! We will have an international menu and our food will be made with the freshest ingredients and produce available. The chef has an excellent taste for what fine dining is and requires. Our environment is elegant and comfortable and our decor is warm and relaxing. Great service is very important to us. The management and servers will handle every detail to make customers special evening even more special! All this and our great atmosphere will make customers want to come back again and again! Marketing Strategy The total population in New Jersey is 8,414,350 people. 615,301 people live in Monmouth County, 50% between 25-55 years old. That is the age group that dines out two to three times a week and spends an average $795 a month on food and drinks. There are 224,447 households in Monmouth County and an average 2.7 persons per household. The median family income in Monmouth County averages, $64,271/year. There are 636 registered businesses in Long Branch with 7,885 employees. We mention that there are over 200,000 Scandinavians living in New Jersey and most of them live within 30 miles of Long Branch. We will be serving some Swedish cuisine as there is no Scandinavian restaurant in New Jersey. Our primary customer base is from Long Branch, West Long Branch, Monmouth Beach, Rumson, Little Silver, Middletown, Red Bank, Shrewsbury, Deal, Eatontown, Freehold, Oceanport, Allenhurst, Asbury Park. Sales Strategy Our sales plan is to establish and maintain position with our local customers. The strategy is to build more customers in order to increase revenue. A sale in our business is client service. It is repeat business. We will focus on making all our customers happy with our food, service and entertainment options. Our strategy in the restaurant is to have an experienced staff that knows the food, wine and liquor. We will train every new employee so they will fit in with Gabris concept, which is Wonderful food, reasonably-priced wine and knowledgeable service in an outstanding atmosphere. Exit Strategy No one attempt a business anticipating failure, however sometimes ventures do not fulfill their promise. We at Gabris are committed to our concept and its viability. In the event that our venture cannot achieve profitability and retire the encumbrances; we will first attempt to sell the operation and use the proceeds to clear all outstanding balances. If we are unable to sell the operation for sufficient proceeds we will forced to default whereby the SBA loan will be in senior standing. Any further outstanding balances will be borne by the investors on a weighted percentage basis of the total amounts due in bankruptcy proceedings. New challenge for future growth Important Assumptions The financial plan depends on important assumptions, most of which are shown in the following table as annual figures. The key underlying assumptions are: ? We assume a slow-growth economy, without major recession. ? We assume that there are no unforeseen changes in the expectancy in the popularity of our restaurant. ? We assume access to investments and financing are sufficient to maintain and fulfill our financial plan as shown in the tables. General Assumptions Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Plan Month 1 2 3 Current Interest Rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Long-term Interest Rate 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% Tax Rate 34.58% 35.00% 34.58% Other 0 0 0 Conclusion Their strategy is simple; they intend to succeed by giving people a combination of excellent and interesting food in an environment that appeals to a wide and varied group of successful people. They will focus on maintaining quality and establishing a strong identity in their community. Their main focus in marketing will be to increase customer awareness in the surrounding communities. Their will direct all of their tactics and programs toward the goal of explaining who they are and what they do. They will keep their standards high and execute the concept so that word-of-mouth will be their main marketing force. Their will create an appealing and entertaining environment with unbeatable quality at an exceptional price. An exciting and friendly restaurant, they will be the talk of the town. Therefore, the execution of their concept is the most critical element of their plan. All menu items are moderately priced for the area. While they are not striving to be the lowest-priced restaurant, they are aiming to be the value leader.

The Story of my Life

As a 15-year-old, in my life, there has been a lot of setbacks, challenge and some failure in my personal and in my academic life, though I am not proud to admit. When I was a little girl I was the happiest person you would ever mean, well for the most part. No matter what people did to me, I would instantly forgive and move on regardless of what they did to me or the pain they cost me. Now it may seem like I would go from being happy and content to bleak and dull, because of the most important people in my life, who was supposed to be there for me when others are trying to tear me down, but the person tearing me down is my own mom and dad.All I did and do was try and be good enough for them, but no matter what I did, it's like I will never be good enough for them. Sure they loved me, or that's what I wanted to think, but when it comes to showing it, it was like they don't care. Emotional and physical abuse was a daily routine in my everyday life. My father had no patience and always assumed he was right about everything, and my mom always assumed the worst in me and followed my father with his accusation, so as a child my voice was taken. I begin to keep everything to myself and became a shadow of my former self. No one noticed because of the smile on my face I would force every time I leave my home, the place I would fear to return, without noticing.At first, school failed to be my safe haven. People saw me as the new quiet and fragile girl, so they took advantage of me by verbally and emotionally abuse me. If someone wanted something from me, I would willingly give it to them, fearing they would say or do something to me. I was always trying to please everyone and trying to change something about myself that people did not like. I remember on the mouth after school starting all my teachers would ask everyone to describe their partner, my partners would say that I was nice to work with, but behind my teacher back spiteful words were being thrown at me like dodgeball except I was not dodging it. Sure I had friends, but none that was very close because my parents would not let me go to my friend's house or let them come over to mine and of course they couldn't stop the hateful words that were being thrown at me all they did was pity me. I never like being pity by someone, so I never told anyone about what happened at my home, I would avoid the subject but couldn't keep avoiding it the subject, so I would tell my friends, my fantasy of the family I wanted as if it was the reality. I never understand why people and my parents were mean to me. It took me years to realize that it was impossible to please everyone, so I just didn't even try to please them. When I realize this, it's like the world was lifted off my shoulder. I did not care about anyone's opinion of me because I was too distracted by my new founded happiness and was too busy living my life. I stopped have the urge and need to have everyone like me. I start standing up for myself, saying no to people and speaking what's on my mind, but at sometime's I would keep quiet when necessary. The naive part of me was out of my mind, things were improving in my life and was more than better.The man who was supposed to protect me and love me would leave early in the morning and come in the afternoon. If he asks for something and I didn't do it at the same time, he would yell at me and threaten to hit me saying he ‘would slap me' or ‘knock some of my teeth out', sometime if he would accuse me of doing things I did not do or acts like he know everything and if I dare to say otherwise he would yell and sometime he would slap me, and my mom would stand there and do nothing, sometimes she would try and stop him. He was the only person I truly fear but will not show it, he would be the only person that can bring me to my lowest point. Despite what happened at my home, at my middle school I would be in one of the highest classes in my school and always passing my classes with the high score. All of the hardship I have been through in my life made me a stronger person. I pray and hope God gives me the strength to keep going forward despite all the obstacles in my life. I am my own person and I will never change myself to please anyone ever again. My future is in my hands and I also believe in myself, to make anything possible for myself.

Funny in Farsi Analysis

Funny in Farsi Analysis Firoozeh Dumas is an Iranian-American writer, known for creating the memoir ‘Funny in Farsi’. Born in Iran, Dumas tells of her childhood memories and how she and her family moved to America when she was just seven years old. Soon after the events that took place on September 11th, friends had encouraged her to publish the stories that she had written. By doing this, she would be able to tell Americans of how Middle Eastern cultures are not what the media portrays them to be.Throughout the memoir, Dumas aims to show Americans that Iranians are truly virtuous and have a sense of humor. With the use of lighthearted humor, emotional appeal, and family anecdotes, Dumas shows that Iranians are not, (in any way,) what we think they are. Dumas attempts to show us that Iranians have a sense of humor by establishing a lighthearted tone from the beginning of the piece. As opposed to keeping the piece serious, she ends the very first passage saying that even though her brother was far away from her it was merely a â€Å"small price to pay for owning a Barbie†.Though she could have been focusing on the distance from her brother, she was rather occupied with her Barbie, an act fairly typical for a seven-year-old girl. The phrase can help many readers feel nostalgic. Many people have some sort of object or toy tied to a relative, and being with that particular toy can make it seem as if we are with that loved one. At the same time, this also sparks emotional appeal and nostalgia to the reader; many of us, as children had found ourselves happy at the receipt of a new toy, even if we had been crying just seconds before.Dumas easily uses both strategies at the same time to show the innocence and humor of Middle Eastern cultures. After a rather embarrassing first day of school (with her mother,) Dumas decided that from that day on, her mother would â€Å"have to stay home†. Dumas uses a combination of a family anecdote as well as self-deprecation to showcase the innocence and humor of the Middle Eastern people. Dumas attends her very first day of school with her mother to. The day proves to be embarrassing to Dumas, as it â€Å"negated† the impression she had made just the other day.The students had begun to stare at them not because they could not speak English, but because they appeared rather dimwitted. The author belittles herself by the use of self-deprecation; because of this, the audience is able to identify with her. Dumas does this successfully by admitting that she and her mother appeared â€Å"stupid†, further reinforcing it by saying that her first impression had been â€Å"negated† by the day’s events. The word negated communicates the idea that Dumas’ hard work in impressing her teacher, Mrs. Sandberg had been done in vain.It makes her more likeable to her readers, and only strengthens her message that Iranians are merely virtuous and humble people. The Septe mber 11 attacks had left many Middle Eastern cultures with awful stereotypes. Dumas’ memoirs, however, successfully convey the image that Middle Eastern people are not what the media tells us. With the use of a lighthearted tone and Dumas’ humorous story of going to school and owning Barbie’s, Funny in Farsi shows the audience that the Iranian people (and perhaps other Middle Eastern cultures,) are indeed innocent, virtuous, and humble people.

Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals Essays

Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals Essays Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals Essay Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals Essay Institutions may have varying effects on individuals. Discuss this statement with reference to Raw. The novel Raw, written by Scott Monk, shows that an institution may have varying effects on an individual. In this case the institution being The Farm. The aim of the institution, being to transform the bad ways/behaviours of the individual. The individuals are expected to be in compliance of the rules and expectations of the caretakers, Mary Sam. If the individuals protest to these, they can expect the consequences. The institution can have positive effects on the individuals, they can learn to trust respect, and treat people the right way. This can also backfire in some cases. The Farm is an institution run by Sam and Mary, referred to more as caretakers rather than wardens. It can have varying effects on individuals, as you can see with Josh, compared to Tyson, the outcome and effect on the different individuals is noticeably diverse. The Farm is not like a typical juvenile centre, it gives individuals an opportunity to make changes in themselves. The setup is a lot different, there are no gates, no cells, no bars on the windows, no guards. But there are rules that apply to all people staying at The Farm, which include, no fighting, no leaving the property, Sams decision is final, and no drugs. These rules are enforced with the consequences, if any of these rules are broken, not only will the person breaking them suffer the consequences, but the whole group of individuals will suffer from these actions as well. Whether the individuals choose to comply or protest against these, it will decide their future. So there are expectations to conform, as there is group pressure to obey the rules through the certain consequences. Sam also has an impact on the effect The Farm has on the individuals. He gives them advice, and believes in them, and if they use it and are respectful of him, it will only work to their advantage. The Farm has had a major impact on the key character, Brett Dalton. It has given him an opportunity to change his attitude to life and society. Bretts initial attitude was very cynical. He was a rude person, blames the world for everything, and doesnt consider the fact that it is his own fault for what happens to him. He refers to police as pigs on various occasions, he calls Sam the caretaker an old fool, and refers to The Farm as a pushover. Brett has a carefree attitude, and is always looking for a fight, especially when he first moved to The Farm. He thinks everyone is a joke and has no idea why everyone has so much respect and looks up to Sam, Sam this, Sam that, the were treating the guy like a king(pg. 69). He was the enemy, and you never got friendly with the enemy (pg. 20), Brett sees Sam as the enemy and is unwilling to change his attitude. Brett picks fights with Josh and other characters, as though he is just looking for trouble. He is constantly rude to Sam, and isnt bothered by what anyone else thinks of him. Throughout the novel, we see slight changes in Bretts behaviours and attitudes. We first see signs of this when Brett first decides to run away from The Farm. After catching him running away and driving Brett to Mungindi, as he is about to drive off and leave Brett, Sam reminds him by saying, just remember Brett, only you can change your life (pg. 86), in hopes Brett will think about what he says and return back to The Farm. Sam also tells Brett that he believes in giving people second chances. As Brett comes to realise what the consequence of him running away would be (going to jail), he decides to return back to The Farm. This is the first sign of change taking place in Brett. We begin to see more change in Bretts attitude when he is asked to help out building the stable, Brett is willing to take on Sams offer, as woodwork is something he enjoys. Another moment is when Brett saves Robbie (frog) from the drug dealer and sticks up for him. He was willing to fight to help Robbie, as he is almost like a little brother to him, and wants to set a good example. Brett sets a good example when he tells Smiling Joe, I dont want to fight, just let me take the kid. Brett continues to show his changing attitudes throughout the course of the novel. Towards the end, Brett finally has given up his old ways, when he was fighting with Caitlyns dad. Suddenly, Brett realised he was tired. Tired of fighting. Tired of the pain. He couldnt keep solving his problems with his fists. He wanted out. He wanted a normal life, (pg. 332). This is Bretts breaking point in the novel. It reveals his realisation for a normal life, and doesnt want to have to keeping fighting to solve all of his problems. Even though Brett ended up in jail, he was still changed by The Farm in a positive way, he learned how to trust, make friends, he learned not everyone hates him even though he may think so, and he learned that violence it not always the answer and there are other ways to solve problems rather than using his fists. Josh Collins has been living at The Farm for three years, and works as a stable hand. Josh is a good example that an institution can have varying effects on individuals, in Joshs case a positive one. Josh respects Sam and follows his instructions, because he knows if he does this, he will then be rewarded. Josh originally came to The Farm for breaking into cars and other criminal acts, the reason for this behaviour being he was sexually abused by his stepfather, although we do not learn this until the near end of the novel. Josh has a strong dislike for Tyson as he dislikes people who dont make any effort to change their lives. Josh tells Brett that if he can put his life back together than anyone can. Even though Josh seems strong and positive on the outside, he has become extremely reliant on The Farm and its resources, he has no where else to go. In the real world Josh wouldnt cope. This can be a negative effect on him. But overall The Farm has had a positive impact on Josh. Tyson is quite the opposite of Josh, he is considered as a thug and believes he is the king of The Farm, the only person in this place who does own anything is me (pg. 115). Tyson has no willingness to conform or change his attitude in any way, shape or form, as he has been through loads of detention centres, which have made no impact on him whatsoever. Tysons tough guy attitude, is his barrier stopping him from making any change in his attitude. He is constantly looking for a fights, and frequently picks on Brett, always calling him pretty boy. Although we dont see what Tyson is like when he is first brought into The Farm, we can tell that he has not been effected by the institution at all, as he has no willingness to do so. Robbie Scully, often called Frog, is a 12 year old boy who was sent to The Farm for stealing from a local store. Because he is only young and is constantly surrounded by older and more intimidating inmates, Robbie is considered a tadpole. Robbie is very compliant with all the rules and respects Sam and his rules. Robbie never wants any trouble and begins to grow a good relationship with Brett, who some what acts as an older brother figure. We can tell that Robbie is scared by the other inmates when he asks Brett if he can teach him to fight, because he wants to learn how to defend himself if he ever gets into any trouble. Even though The Farm has taught Robbie a lesson, I dont think it was the right institution for Robbie to be sent for what he did, as he is too young. Robbie has learnt from his mistakes, and knows what he did was wrong. So The Farm has had a positive effect on Robbies attitude and ways. The statement, institutions can have varying effects on individuals, I believe is true. An institution such as The Farm, can have a positive effect if you are willing to make the change yourself, such as Brett, Josh and Robbie, these individuals learnt from their mistakes and came to trust and respect Sam, especially Brett, who learned that Sam is no old fool after all. Whereas Tyson, is the complete opposite, he is unwilling to throw away his ego, and do what is best for him, He is not willing to change, therefore The Farm will not have any effect on him at all.

Free Essays on The Prison System

I chose the prison system for this paper because I am very interested in this topic. I think it’s interesting how prison is portrayed on television. For instance, the HBO show â€Å"Oz†, which portrays prison completely different than it really is. On the show the prisoners dress how they want, and are allowed to smoke. On â€Å"Oz†, inmates kill other inmates daily, with the help of correctional officers. Until I really learned about the prison systems in the United States, I thought that this was all very far from reality. It seems that in some prisons the inmates aren’t being treated like criminals, but instead more like regular people. When an individual commits a crime the legal system prosecutes the criminal and ultimately imprisons him. Prisoners are sent to prison or jail because they committed a crime, something that was considered unacceptable and wrong in society. Therefore, they are sent to prison or jail to pay for what they did, to be punished. However, a lot of these prisons and jails that they are being sent to are made to be too comfortable and too accommodating. Prisoners are being entertained rather than being reformed. They are entitled to programs such as arts and crafts, music, television, occasional live performances, and leisure sports. Along with these activities prisoners are entitled to programs such as education and trade instruction. The reason many citizens are so outraged by these programs is because they are not offered in such a capacity to the rest of society as readily as they are to prisoners. In many prisons, prisoners are served 3 hot meals a day. Breakfast might consist of eggs, bacon, cereal, fruit, juice, and coffee. Also, at jails and prisons prisoners have an open courtyard, where they have access to weights, basketball, and other recreational activities. The prisoners can earn their GED. They can also sometimes access books and computers. These prisoners are getting three meals a d... Free Essays on The Prison System Free Essays on The Prison System I chose the prison system for this paper because I am very interested in this topic. I think it’s interesting how prison is portrayed on television. For instance, the HBO show â€Å"Oz†, which portrays prison completely different than it really is. On the show the prisoners dress how they want, and are allowed to smoke. On â€Å"Oz†, inmates kill other inmates daily, with the help of correctional officers. Until I really learned about the prison systems in the United States, I thought that this was all very far from reality. It seems that in some prisons the inmates aren’t being treated like criminals, but instead more like regular people. When an individual commits a crime the legal system prosecutes the criminal and ultimately imprisons him. Prisoners are sent to prison or jail because they committed a crime, something that was considered unacceptable and wrong in society. Therefore, they are sent to prison or jail to pay for what they did, to be punished. However, a lot of these prisons and jails that they are being sent to are made to be too comfortable and too accommodating. Prisoners are being entertained rather than being reformed. They are entitled to programs such as arts and crafts, music, television, occasional live performances, and leisure sports. Along with these activities prisoners are entitled to programs such as education and trade instruction. The reason many citizens are so outraged by these programs is because they are not offered in such a capacity to the rest of society as readily as they are to prisoners. In many prisons, prisoners are served 3 hot meals a day. Breakfast might consist of eggs, bacon, cereal, fruit, juice, and coffee. Also, at jails and prisons prisoners have an open courtyard, where they have access to weights, basketball, and other recreational activities. The prisoners can earn their GED. They can also sometimes access books and computers. These prisoners are getting three meals a d...

Further Education Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Further Education - Personal Statement Example In studying, there is continuity of gained knowledge within the confines of class lectures, and outside it. As a result, I become a better rounded person who deals easier with the challenges of work and social demands. As I work and socialize better, fruitful interaction are expected, and in return, could help me shape up internally. Healthy communication gained from work and social environments results in a better-balanced psyche and body. If I could perform my job well and look forward to a better and more fulfilling job, then, it would translate into a good night sleep, inspired daily living, and smooth interaction with my colleagues at school. Bandura (1994) presented a very interesting phrase of "self efficacy" as an individual's "beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes." I personally perceive further education as a means to improve my efficiency, and in this way, I am confident that I can achieve a certain degree of success which I have conjured up in my ambitious mind so that as Bandura stated, "efficacy enhance

Quality Management in the Systems Building Process Essay

Quality Management in the Systems Building Process - Essay Example Quality management has become a basic practice in business throughout the world, with the aim of customer satisfaction Daniel & Gillian (1999, p. 134). Implementation of quality management in most organizations; specifically in system building, has been determined by the desire to increase the benefits and profits in the competitive business world Bateson (2005, p. 235). Quality management techniques are specifically meant for improvement of management performance, hence resulting to increased profits. This report represents the quality management in the system building, as portrayed by some organizations like H-R Industries. The aim of this report is to enhance and complement the importance of ISO certification in quality management. The ISO certification that will be discussed are ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 series. Most companies find that the system building gives them a significant advantage in ISO certification. For example, H-R industries, found that their ISO 9000 Quality Management System gave them a great advantage in the ISO 14001 certification Daniel & Gillian (1999, p. 231). This industry was the first PWB manufacturer in the United States of America to achieve ISO 14001 certification. It was established in 1976 and fully owned by McDonald Technologies, Inc. with about 300 workers; the company produces a variety of multilayer board, as described by Bateson (2005, p. 266). ISO 14001certification is an international standard for the quality management systems. ISO 14001 is referred on ISO 900 hence there is a very significant overlap between the two stated standards. Management systems, whether for system protection or quality, share some common elements including training, developing and documenting procedures, auditing, record keeping, and corrective action Cazden (2007, p. 89). This report shows the subject of quality management and states that it encompasses series of strategies used by organizations, for instance H-R Industries. Quality management increases the efficacy of the company's operations, as well as increases customer satisfaction from all points of view Bateson (2005, p. 305). In addition to that, it covers the initial steps necessary for the developing quality management in system building , and shows the similarity between necessities for ISO 14001 and ISO 900 systems Daniel & Gillian (1999, p. 163). System building Most companies have adopted quality management in system building process. This is because, over along time, customers had not been very satisfied with the quality of the products Daniel & Gillian (1999, p. 357). To utilize the quality management, a company should use the brainpower of its entire workers. In other words, all organization's efforts are parcel and part of a system. For this reason, no one can change one part of organization without affecting the other parts Bateson (2005, p. 299). As many companies struggle to improve the management in their system and increase the profits and benefits at the same time, many have found that system building can do more than improving the environmental performance. It can enable a company to acquire the set objectives and to achieve their business goals Cazden (2007, p. 111). By providing a systematic way of reviewing and improving operations in system building, they can help a company utilize materials

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking Essay

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking - Essay Example The essay "Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking" discovers the Negotiation Critical Thinking and Conflict Management. In the modern world, handling of conflicts constructively is one of the paramount challenges. Even with maturing humanities, technology and scientific knowledge understanding, not to mention a more educated population, damaging conflicts are still prevalent. When conflicts intensify, the parties reach impasses, and gradually end up hurting each other in the conflict progression. This may lead to psychological problems, personal relations break down and group fights. Nevertheless, even with such adverse effects, conflict management academics still hold that many conflicts are potential to integrative resolution means. As such, parties can reach a mutual satisfactory settlement if they determinedly search for it. In order to handle conflicts constructively, the conflicting parties must be willing undertake an integrative approach. Hence, they must look for evidence in relation to facts and interests. Accordingly, they should be able to creatively exploit that information to breed mutually satisfactory settlements. As a consequence, integration is a significant concept in the conflict management methodologies. It is used in relation to numerous features of the conflict management practice such as integrative potential, integrative outcome, integrative procedure and integrative purpose conduct and helps both parties to arrive at a win-win situation. Case Facts In the case at hand Peter Smith and his wife Catherine Smith became involved in contemporary art in the 1970s. Subsequently, Peter was invited to become a member of the MCA board of trustees which he agreed to and was prepared to donate more money to the $10000 the organization had earlier requested. In 1989, Peter was elected as the chairman of the board. On the other hand, Keith Schmidt was hired by the board to hold the post of executive director at the start of the same ye ar and this was because of his wide knowledge on matters related to museum management. However, these two executives were in constant conflicts mainly in regards to expansion and fund management. Peter was more conservative especially when it came to expansion while Keith was objected towards growth and he viewed Peter as a barrier. The peak of their conflict reached in November 1991 when the board chose to vote for Schmidt’s projects to rapidly expand the MCA against Peter opinion. After this eventuality, Peter and Catherine disappeared from the Chicago art community. In 1997 MCA was under the leadership of Peggy Fischer as the chairperson of the board while Schmidt was still the executive director of MCA. It came to the realization that MCA was under financial constraint since it

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example for Free

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay To defend against criticism is one thing, to convince the critic is another. The latter is far more challenging, though none could say with merit that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a man unsuited for battling adversity. In 1963, King was jailed for marching without permit in the city of Birmingham. His detractors regarded his actions as, â€Å"unwise and untimely† (King 1), prompting the civil rights activist to respond with â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†. In it, King utilizes the three classical appeals, biblical references, various forms of rhetoric, and a carefully selected tone to create a wonderfully worded piece that serves the purpose of arguing his side. An argumentative piece is any writing that supports a specific set of opinions and beliefs. Often times, they utilize the three classical appeals in order to persuade the audience of said ideas. In the letter, King makes use of all three. For instance, he applies logos, the logical appeal, in the lines, â€Å"Several months ago the [Southern Christian Leadership Conference affiliates] here in Birmingham asked [me] to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program†¦ So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here,† (King 1). In order to justify his appearance in Birmingham, something called into question by his fellow clergymen, King presents basic logic. He was there because he was invited, an inarguable fact that grants him reason for presence and serves the point of urging others to accept his arrival in Birmingham as justified. That said, this fact would fall flat if King’s position was nothing outside a man in jail. The second classical appeal is ethos, the ethical appeal. Most often, the ethical appeal builds up the author’s appearance, making them into a figure the audience believes worthy of listening to. Though few of the modern world would question King’s words, many of his contemporaries viewed him poorly. So, in order to convince these people of his position, he had to highlight his better qualities. In expressing his genealogy as, â€Å"being the son, the grandson and the great-grandson of preachers,† (King 7), King successfully makes himself out to be a man who has a close connection to the church. This makes him a more valid figure to his audience, particularly because they are clergymen. As a valid figure, the audience is more likely to accept his words as true and reasonable, thereby increasing chances that they come to agree with his argument. That said, such would not occur if all King presented, as a valid figure or otherwise, was logic. A connection to the audience is just as vital as all else, after all. The final classical appeal is pathos, the emotional appeal. It serves to make a link between the argument and the audience’s feelings, thereby impassioning the topic for them. King accomplishes this seamlessly by selecting the perfect medium for his audience of religious peoples. Emotionally charged biblical references strike out at King’s readers, grasping them by the heart and shoving them into compliance. This can be seen in the statement, â€Å"Yes, I see the church as the body of Christ. But, oh! How we have blemished and scarred that body through social neglect and through fear of being nonconformists,† (King 7). King conjects that the people of the church have damaged it and, therefore, have damaged Christ himself. This statement would illicit an emotional response from any Christian, particularly feelings of horror and guilt. Because of this response, the readers are more likely to consider King’s opinions in order to avoid further damaging Christ and also to seek forgiveness for earlier infringements. Still, knowing both sides as reasonable is not always enough. To completely convince his readers, King had to discredit their own views. Antithesis is an example of a rhetorical device, one that presents the opposing idea to the author’s thesis before pointing out its flaws. Of the many forms of rhetoric King uses, this one appears the most frequently and serves the largest role in supporting his purpose of convincing his fellows. In fact, it appears at the start of many of King’s body paragraphs, such as with the declaration, â€Å"In your statement you assert that our actions, even though peaceful, must be condemned because they precipitate violence. But is this a logical assertion?†(King 5). An example of antithesis based on it and its following line’s examination of the critic’s opinion, this use of rhetoric allows for King’s audience to see the fault in their own argument. Furthermore, it allows for the clergymen to further consider King’s own position. Had this been done with ferocity, it would have elicited a horrendous response. Fortunately, King presented a kind and patient tone throughout his letter. He expressed understanding for the clergymen’s views and approached convincing them gently. This can, arguably, be seen most evidently in the lines, â€Å"If I have said anything†¦that overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates my having a patience that allows me to settle for anything less than brotherhood, I beg God to forgive me,† (King 9). King does not approach with accusation, demanding that the clergymen apologize for their judgments. Instead, he offers apologies on his side just in case he happened to over step some line. This attitude is further displayed in the closing, which reads, â€Å"Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood, Martin Luther King Jr.,† (King 9). By expressing that he is interested in such positive relations in such a positive way, King is able to seal the deal, leaving his piece convincing enough to sway the most rigid of opponents. King sets out in his letter to persuade his fellow church goers of his positions, to demonstrate that that his argument is the one that should be followed. He accomplishes this well by using some of the most effective literary tools for his audience, namely in the form of rhetorical devices, biblical references, classical appeals, and gentle tone. He started with the vast challenge of persuading his critics. In the end, he left his critics with the even more complex challenge of bringing themselves to further deny his opinion. If modern day is any indication, the majority failed miserably, if not for the betterment of society.

Vaccinations: A Clear Benefit Essay -- essays research papers

A clear definition of a vaccination is, â€Å"the generic term for immunization procedures. Immunization is a procedure whereby living or nonliving materials are introduced into the body†¦:† (Nosal, 1999) The concept that people who survive an infectious disease do not get the same disease again is the basis for the administering of vaccinations. Vaccines are normally given to healthy individuals for the prevention of diseases. Vaccines work by using a human host to provide a stimulus to the immune system. Immunization is used for viral and bacterial diseases. Rappuolli reports and predicts, â€Å"Vaccines will not only be used to prevent infections, but also to cure chronic infectious diseases, tumors, diseases and allergies.† (1999) Even though there are risks involved with being vaccinated, there is no doubt that vaccines have been the most effective means of combating deadly infectious diseases throughout the twentieth century. Vaccinations were developed or discovered in 1796 when Edward Jenner, a doctor in England, noted that the farmers infected with materials from cows did not develop small pox, but instead were immune to the disease. Today, vaccinations are available for a variety of life threatening or life altering diseases such as; smallpox, rabies, salmonella, tuberculosis, diphtheria, yellow fever, tetanus, pertussis, polio, influenza, cholera, measles, mumps, rubella, meningococcus, tick-borne encephalitis, pneumococcus, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella, lyme disease, and rotavirus. Vaccines are more commonly given to infants today to immunize early. Already there are more vaccines in development for infectious diseases such as cancer, hepatitis C, papillomavirus, and helicobacter pylori. With these vaccines, tumors will be dramatically decreased. So instead of regarding vaccinations as a painful childhood experience, they should be perceived as tools used in the prevention and cure of disease s. Therefore, the hazards of vaccinations have to be weighed against the benefits of immunization. Immunization has lowered the reported cases of diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, (DPT), measles, mumps, rubella, (MMR), tuberculosis, and meningitis. A notable decrease in the number of cases of measles, hepatitis B, and polio were noticed after vaccinations started being administered. The hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in 1989. Before the vaccine was availabl... ...2, 2005, from Info Track database. Makela, J., Nuorti, P., Peltola, H. (2002). Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella Vaccination. 110 (5), 957-972. Retrieved March 12, 2005 from Info Trac database. Nossal, Gustav (July 1999) Vaccination. In: Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: Nature Publishing Group. http://www/els.net [doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000489] Rappuoli, Rino (August 1999) Vaccinations of Humans. In: Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: Nature Publishing Group. http:www.els.net [doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000961] Richards, S. (2004). An update on childhood vaccinations. Primary Health Care, 14(10), 22-25. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from Info Traci database. US nurses oppose smallpox vaccinations (2003). Australian Nursing Journal, 10(8), 13. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from Info Trac database. Zepf, B. (2005) Do childhood vaccinations cause type 1 diabetes? American Family Physician, 71 (3), 583. Retrieved March 12, 2005 from Info Trac database. Zimmerman, R. (2000). Child vaccination, part 1:routine vaccinations. Journal of Family Practice, 49,(9), 22-33. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from EBSCOhost database.

Vershire Porter’s Five Forces

1. Prepare an industry analysis using Porter’s 5 Forces model. What are the key determinants of Vershire’s aluminium can profitability? Explain. (20%) * Barriers to entry I would suggest that the barriers to entry are relatively high in this industry. Although there would not be huge capital requirement to enter into the aluminum cans producing business and customer-switching costs are considered to be low, the fact is that the competition in this industry is very intense. There are already many aluminium cans manufacturers exist in the market, with some large packaging manufacturers dominating the market shares.Some large beverage processors even manufacture cans themselves (one large beverage company produced one-third of its own container requirement and ranked one of the top five beverage producers in the industry). Also, three of the global aluminum supplier companies also themselves manufacture aluminum containers. Although there would be high demand in the indust ry (from both small and large breweries and soft drink bottlers), there are too many competitors that could keep new entrants out of the market. * Power of suppliers There are four global companies supplied aluminum to can producers: UC Rusal, Alcoa, Alcan, Chalco (as shown below).There are many buyers (can producers) in the market while there are only few major suppliers. In addition, aluminum is a highly differentiated product. Resources of bauxites, the raw material for aluminum, are not widespread throughout the world. The main deposit of high-quality bauxites are already dived by those main players. Therefore, whoever owns the resources ‘wins the game’. Today the ‘Big Ten’ aluminium manufacturers are: Although it can be argued that steel is one of the substitutes, aluminum has many advantages over steel: it is easier to shape and allowing more attractive packaging; it reduces the problems of flavouring and it educes the transportation costs because of its lighter weight. Therefore, there would be constant demand for aluminum because of its beneficial nature. According to the above, I would say that the power of supplier is extremely high in the aluminum can manufacture industry. * Buyer (customer) power Buyer power is relatively high in the aluminum can manufacturing industry. Their buyers are primarily the soft drink bottlers, which are small independent franchisees of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola. Most of these customers maintained at least two or more suppliers and spread purchases among those suppliers.Thus, in order to retain customers, division must meet customer’s cost and quality specification or its standards for delivery and service, otherwise customer would turn to another supplier. * Threat of substitutes As I have mentioned above, one of the substitutes of aluminum can is steel can. Yet there are a lot of advantages of aluminum over steel. A ton of scrap aluminum has almost three times the value of a ton of scrap steel. Other substitutes for breweries and soft drink bottlers would be plastic or glass bottle.An study conducted by the metal can industry leader, Silgan Containers, revealed that 81 percent of shoppers prefer metal cans compared to 9 percent for plastic and 6 percent for glass. In addition, Aluminum is a more attractive recycling material compare to steel, plastic or glass. A US record also showed that 56 billion aluminum cans were recycled in 2010. Aluminum never wear out, it can be recycled forever. Therefore, aluminum is still considered to be the most attractive material for the can manufacturing business. * Rivalry amongst competitorsCompetition is high in this industry in term of supplier power, customer power and number of competitors as mentioned above. Conclusion As Vershire is one of the largest manufacturers of aluminum cans in the industry, it is assumed that it has access to sufficient raw material to produce aluminum cans. They would also have large number of loyal customers but just the matters of maintaining their high level of products and on-time delivery. I would argue that the key determinants of Vershire’s aluminium can profitability would be the costs of the production. A lower costs while maintaining its quality can attract new customers.Thus, the relationship with suppliers could become critical. Vershire could renegotiate prices and develop long-term relationship with one or two suppliers. Cutting costs in purchasing can be a big saving for the company. Vershire could also improve its production efficiency to eliminate unnecessary production costs. 2. Which of Porter’s generic strategies is Vershire following? (10%) Porter claims that there are two ways of responding to the opportunities in the external environment and developing a competitive advantage, there are: cost leadership and differentiator.Veshire would most likely be a cost leader. Aluminum can itself is not a highly differentiated product. Every metal can m anufacturer produces the same kind of product. In addition, most of the customers maintain two or more suppliers. In other word, if a manufacturer failed to meet the customer’s cost and quality specification, it is very likely that the manufacturer would lose the customers. Therefore, being a cost leader is essential in this industry and it is the strategy adopted in Vershire.

The Bible Among Myth

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY A BOOK SUMMARY THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS: BY AUTHOR JOHN N. OSWALT NAME OF STUDENT: FABIOLA REID STUDENT ID: 22379938 CLASS: OBST 590 INSTRUCTOR’S NAME: DR. ALVIN THOMPSON DATE SUBMITTED: 03/03/2013 INTRODUTION The author, John N. Oswalt, begins his introduction, speaking in regards to the differences between the Old Testament, religions and cultures of the people from the Ancient Near East. As The Bible Among the Myths begins it is the assumption that while there has been no change since the 1960’s, there has been a shifted.Before then, Scholars believed that the Old Testament was true and not compared to any other, however, now scholars questioned this belief and have begun to believe that the Old Testament writings are similar to the other religions of its day. [1] Oswalt continues by discussing a most important philosophical difference within the Old Testament and its contemporaries. He states that there is a clear distinction between â€Å"essen ce† and â€Å"accident. † [2] Oswalt states that an accident can be something as similar as hair, while self-consciousness is an essential.To remove an accident will not cause change but to remove an essential, this thing will cease to be itself. [3] ————————————————- The author establishes to the reader the conception of myth also imitating the option that scholars continue to differ greatly on this definition; Oswalt insists that this ought to not dissuade the individual from seeking a good definition of the word. In order for him to define this word, he list four basic characteristics of a myth. 1. John N. Oswalt, The Bible Among the Myths, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2.Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. The first characteristic; mankind having little or no intrinsic value and the second characteristic was the relative lack of interest in historical studies. T he third is the practice of magic and involvement with the occult. The fourth is the refusal to accept responsibility for individual actions. [4] Oswalt concludes his introduction with a substantial claim. He emphasizes that theological claims are inseparable from historical claims. [5] Oswalt states that trustworthiness must be contingent upon both the theological and historical claims.If the historical claims are patently false, then no credence ought to be given to the theological decrees, In the end, I am not advocating a â€Å"the Bible says it, and I believe it, and that settles it† point of view, although those who disagree with me may argue that to be the case. What I am advocating is a willingness to allow the Bible to determine the starting place of the investigation. [6] CHAPTER ONE ————————————————- The first chapter discusses the Bible in milieu of its surroundings and contribution to society as a whole.Oswalt mentions that there are many contributions to way the Western world views reality. The Bible, however, is the most important contributor. [7] 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. Greek Thought: The Greek philosophers of the early centuries brought in this way of thinking that was to have a profound effect on the western world. The belief, in a â€Å"universe† instead of a â€Å"polyverse,† adding, simple cause and effect, as well as non-contradiction were three of their most significant contributions. [8] Hebrew Thought:While the Greek philosophers were struggling to express their point of view, the Hebrews were also articulating their beliefs by way of the prophets. Their beliefs were as follows: There is only one God, God is the sole Creator of all that is, God exist apart from creation, God has made himself known to his people, God has made his will known to his people, and God rewards and pun ishes people for following or disobeying his will. [9] Combing Greek and Hebrew Thought: ————————————————-Oswalt states; when the Gospel of Jesus presupposed the Israelite worldview, penetrated into the Greco-Roman world, this set the stage for the combination of the Greek and the Hebrew worldviews in the distinctively Christian way. The Greeks’ rational thought combined with Hebrew people’s belief in monotheism. [10] 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25 Oswalt argues that logic was not completely developed until after people realized that God not only was the sole creator of the universe, but was also completely separate from the creation.What is most important is that science and logic cannot stand on their own and if they attempt to then this will lead to self-destruction. Oswalt gives an example; Hiroshima and the Buchenwald concentration camp and human ity’s achievements when it is devoid of God’s influence. [11] CHAPTER TWO In this second chapter, Oswalt discusses his definition of myth. However before Oswalt begins this definition he begins to argue the very question with regard to the myth and why it is questioned at this time. Oswalt mentions that fifty years ago there would not be such a question.However by the 1960’s and as more scholars begin to research the Bible, more questions aroused. [12] ————————————————- Oswalt wishes to apply the appropriate classification to the Bible. Unequivocally, he describes whether or not the Bible should be considered a myth or not. In order to properly answer the question, Oswalt list several definitions posed by scholars today. As Oswalt listed these definitions, he also explains why he feels that they are inadequate. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. The catego ry of definitions falls under one group known ashistorical-Philosophical and they are as follows; 1.Etymological – based on a false and fictitious deity or event. 2. Sociological-Theological – the truth is seen as relative and something is seen as true if it is seen by others. 3. Literary – the events are not seen as right or wrong. Instead, the narrative employs heavy use of symbolism to express its meaning. [13] ————————————————- These definitions all have one thing in common which is at their core; they all believe in the philosophy of continuity. Oswalt states that continuity is a philosophical principle that asserts that all things are continuous with each other.Oswalt uses an example of a person being â€Å"one with the tree. † Not merely symbolically or spiritually, but actually. The tree is me; I am the tree. [14] 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 1 4. Ibid, 43. CHAPTER THREE Chapter three discusses Continuity as the center of topic. Carrying over from chapter two the one thing that myths have in common at their core is the presence of continuity. This way of thinking is viewed as all things are viewed as related in some form or fashion. There are three major forces (humanity, nature, and the divine) this is where everything exists within the circle. 15] The effects of continuity are numerous and varied in accordance. One of these effects is looking at signs in nature. The effects are attempted to be explained by weather patterns, floods, fire, plagues and the celestial beings. Other examples are the effects of fertility and potency and the preoccupation of the people thereof. Oswalt uses the example of how sexuality is so central to people’s lives today is a reason for this effect of continuity. [16] ———————————————à ¢â‚¬â€- Finally, Oswalt deals straightforwardly with what he feels are the common features of myth.Excluding a few exceptions, myths all share the belief that their existence is based on Polytheism. Which is the belief of more than one god or and many gods. The second is these gods in the form of images. The use of symbols and icons are believed strongly in order to interact with nature and the divine. The gods themselves are not view highly in fact view lowly, they are not seen as actual beings. Confliction is what is needed in order for the universe to evolve and myths have a low view of mankind. [17] 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59.CHAPTER FOUR In chapter four Oswalt reverts back to characteristics of the Bible. Here he argues with the topic of transcendence, where God (who has been in existence before the universe) interacts with all things thereof. In this Biblical thought process there is uniqueness with regard to the modern-day belief systems in many ways. How ever one must bear in mind that the Old Testament is remarkably self-consistent regarding the things it maintains about the nature of reality. [18] Oswalt provides the reader with a broaden list of some common characteristics.Monotheism, of course one of the most obvious characteristics of the Bible that stands out among other religions. With the exception of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which are all directly correlated from the Bible. Most other religions are polytheistic. The existence of Yahweh being the only God was a defining characteristic for the Old Testament and the Bible as a whole. [19] ————————————————- Another characteristic of the Old Testament theory is that God was in existence prior to the all creation. All that exist is after God and God created it.Oswalt states that if the world is full of chaos that it is not due to God but the spirits of this worl d. Oswalt mentions that the Bible is a position to insist that the problem of humanity is not a tragic fatedness to evil, but a spirit that prefers evil to good. [20] 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. CHAPTER FIVE In chapter five Oswalt argues that the Bible is totally different from other religious writings and is unique in its self. Oswalt further discusses the issues of ethics, In the Ancient Near East; the non-biblical worldviews held two sets of ethics.One set is related to how people interacted with each other. The other set of ethics is related to how people acted upon the deities. In Bible ethics behavior was defined by God and God alone and not subject to the social changes in society, they obey God. [21] Oswalt discusses some of the similarities between Israelites and non-Israelites. Some of the practices were quite similar. The sacrificial ceremonial, the manner of their offerings, the layout of the tabernacle and temple and also the decoration of the temple al l seem similar to those of the Israelite and non-Israelite people.Their practices of expression and thought pattern were similar to where Oswalt indorses his belief that these areas are incidental and not essential to the basic identities of the people. [22] CHAPTER SIX ————————————————- Chapter six introduces the Bible and History, Oswalt points out the there is a distinction, between myths and the Bible, whereas the myths are based on many gods, the Bible is based on one God. History and the Bible run parallel to each other. Oswalt argues the idea that to state the Bible is not â€Å"historical â€Å"is something of an oxymoron. 23] 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. Oswalt uses Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language to describe the definition that he feels would best fit history. History functions on different levels. Its connecti ons could be to someone or something or both. Yet the Bible is its own form of history correlated with mankind and their surroundings. [24] CHAPTER SEVEN AND EIGHT Oswalt attempts to address some of the issues that were used against the Bible concerning its historical stance.Oswalt does mentions some gaps, progress and lack of progress, whether the Bible is â€Å"history-like† or â€Å"historical fiction† as well as how it relates to revelation and supernatural events and whether Israel is unique in these areas. [25] Oswalt makes the case in the eight chapter that the Bible is historical and completely accurate. Oswalt states this matter is of the utmost importance. While one would state that there are sections of the Bible that are not historical for example; poetic and wisdom, these too are historical because they describe people, relationships weaknesses and failures.The entire Bible is historical especially when it pertains to the history of the Jesus Christ. †”———————————————- The author states that one could argue German distinction between Historie (defining what happen) and Geschichte (telling what is going on) as being valid. [26] 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. The conclusion of this section determines that history is inseparable from theology in the Bible. Theology is in relation to the historical events. The author uses an exceptional example with regard to the resurrection to support this conclusion.He directs the reader to one of the epistles written by the Apostle Paul to the church of Corinth. The Apostle Paul states that one’s faith cannot exist without a historical belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. [27] If Christ was not raised then your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. (1 Cor. 15:17) CHAPTER NINE AND TEN ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- In chapter nine the author discusses alternative views pertaining to the biblical narrative as it is known today. He began with the arguments of John Van Seters.Professor Van Seters emphasizes that the Bible had to have been altered by Jewish priest after Babylonian exile. [28] Oswalt mentions that the second is Frank Cross who assumes that the Bible used to be an epic poem, however was changed into the Old Testament’s current state at some point. [29] The third is William Dever who believes that Israel’s belief systems were identical to Canaanite beliefs and the Christian scholars have overlooked certain facts throughout history to portray an inaccurate account of ancient Israel. 30] Then, finally, Oswalt discusses Mark Smith and his opinion of Israel’s belief system. Mark Smith argues that Israel’s beliefs are directly originated from the Canaanite’s polytheistic beliefs. [31] 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 173. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. The author concludes this book in chapter ten where he reiterates his main points taken from previous chapters. He stresses the major theme is that contrast between biblical and non-biblical views of reality. The biblical view is deep-seated in transcendence and the non-biblical view is deep-seated in continuity. 31] In the end, we may differ on the biblical worldview and theology, given to them, but what matters in the end is how we answer the following questions: Is there a God? Does he have a will for our lives? Has he made known that will to us in intelligible actions and speech in time and space? If we answer â€Å"no† then the entire enterprise is bootless. However, if our answer is â€Å"yes† the question of what God’s will is and how he has chosen to reveal it becomes one of absolutely ultimate significance. [32] ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 31. Ibid, 185. 32. Ibid, 194.REFERENCES 1. Oswalt, John, N. , The Bible Among the Myths Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2. Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 14. Ibid, 43. 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59. 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 172. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. 32. Ibid, 185 33. Ibid, 194